issc 341 discussion response

Hello,

I need two responses of at least 150 words each for the below students discussions for this week. Also in the bold below are the questions the students at answering.

For this assignment, you will post your answers to the questions below prior to 11:55p.m. ET on Wednesday. You are required to respond to at least two of your classmates’ post by 11:55p.m. on Sunday. Please do not be late with the post because your classmates will be relying on you to post on time. Your follow-up posts can add additional insight to a classmate’s opinions or can challenge their opinions. Use examples from the readings, or from your own research, to support your views, as appropriate. For your follow-up posts this week, you may wish to visit a couple of the web sites contributed by your classmates and share your opinion of these sites with the class. Be sure to read the follow-up points to your own points and reply to any questions or requests for clarification. You are encouraged to conduct research and use other sources to support your answers. Be sure to list your references at the end of your post. References must be in APA citation format. All posts must be a minimum of 250-300 words. All follow-up posts to your classmates must be minimum of 150 words for each required post. Peer responses will not be accepted after the due date.

The Reference Model is a conceptual framework for understanding how computers communicate. The OSI model defines seven different layers of communication rules. Each layer of the OSI model has its own means of communication or protocol. The OSI model is used as a reference when explaining how data passed over the network moves through each layer. Each of the seven layers has specific responsibilities and logically interfaces to the layer above or below it. Each layer in the OSI model provides a different service needed for communication across an IP network and physical media. The top three layers often are called the “upper layers” since they deal primarily with application data. The lower layers deal primarily with getting packets to their destination. Many refer to these layers as infrastructure.

Questions:

1. For this discussion, compare and contrast two layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, including the protocols that run on each layer.

2. What was the reason that IPv6 was introduced? Why do you think many organizations are not upgrading their network solely to IPv6 and run that protocol instead of running IPv4?

3. What is the purpose of subnetting when using IPv4 addressing? What role does subnet mask play in subnetting of IPv4?

Student one:

Hello class! This first week of the Intro to Networking we’re discussing the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Specifications, as well as IPv4 and IPv6.

For the first question, I figured it would be interesting to compare and contrast the first layer, Physical, to the last layer, Application, as both vary widely in their purpose but also have some similarities. The Application layer is the point in the OSI model that concerns the data that goes to the application that the user interacts with. For example, if a user is waiting on an email to be sent to them so they can see it in their mailbox, the email being sent from the sender is received at the point where the SMTP server is connected to the network, and then the packet containing some or all of the email message goes through each of the other six layers of the OSI model, dropping its headers until it reaches the Presentation layer, at which point is presented to the computer to use it on the mailbox GUI that the user interacts with. The Physical layer is where the packet leaves a network to travel as a digital signal along a wire that’s been modulated from a bit code at the Data Link layer (Lammle, 2012).

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) was initially proposed in 1994 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a way to address the concerns of a global IPv4 address shortage. This new version of IP would be able to support a lot more addressed devices, since IPv6 uses a 128-bit addressing scheme instead of a 32-bit scheme like IPv4. This would help preserve addressing space and address the growing need of network devices in businesses. I think the main reason companies may not be quick to adopt IPv6 over IPv4 is that they may continue to use legacy devices on an already established IT infrastructure, so it makes sense for them to continue to use IPv4 and use Network Address Translation (NAT) to preserve their IPv4 addressing space instead of switching to a completely different scheme (IPv6.com, 2018).

The purpose of subnetting in IPv4 networks is to logically separate networks for easier management of multiple nodes in an enterprise setting, and for the purpose of departmentalization. Subnets in a network can use firewalls to prevent sensitive information from being seen by other departments without a need to know. Subnet masks are used to identify the number of hosts in a given network, “masking” a certain amount of quartets and using the last part to identify the host’s IP address. For example, a subnet mask of 255.255.255.240 identifies a subnet with 16 possible hosts.

References:

IPv6.com. (2018, July 03). IPv6 – The History and Timeline. Retrieved from https://www.ipv6.com/general/ipv6-the-history-and-…

Lammle, T. (2012). CompTIA Network+ Study Guide, Second Edition. Retrieved from https://apus.intelluslearning.com/lti/#/lesson/15656//

-Lance

Student two:

1. For this discussion, compare and contrast two layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, including the protocols that run on each layer.

OSI is a conceptual, rather than physical, model or set of guidelines for networking and computing. “I have to be able to see it to understand it”… that is what the OSI model and its layers can do, help us see the process. The seven layers are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical. I’ll compare and contrast layer 1 (Physical) and Layer 7 (Application). The Physical layer is the bottom layer, it’s the bits and pieces. This layer is used to transmit bits, 1s and 0s, basic data from one point to another by means of cables, wires, connectors, NICs, and so on. The Physical layer is just that, the pieces that transmit the bits. Jump several layers to the final layer, the Application layer, here’s where we really get to “see” it. The Application layer is “where users actually communicate with the computer” (Lammle, 2012). The Application layer isn’t actually the “apps” or the tools being used to accomplish a task, it’s the interface, it facilitates the used of the applications.

2. What was the reason that IPv6 was introduced? Why do you think many organizations are not upgrading their network solely to IPv6 and run that protocol instead of running IPv4?

IPv6 was created to allow for more IP addresses, IPv4 was good enough when it was first created as the first usable Internet Protocol, but times have changed and reliance on the internet has exploded since the 70s and 80s. IPv6 is a new version that allows for more IP addresses, more than the mind can fathom (for now). The problem is, IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible, so even if a device is IPv6 ready and good to go there’s still the issue of accessing something that’s only running IPv4, it won’t work. This is a little out there as far as comparisons go, but it kind of makes me think of the transition to vehicles running on electricity alone…. Such a great idea but it’ll take time because a lot of places just aren’t ready or set up for it yet. Also, IPv6 and the transition to it is very costly in addition to the fact that change is usually resisted due to comfort, just being used to one thing and not wanting to relearn something new.

3. What is the purpose of subnetting when using IPv4 addressing? What role does subnet mask play in subnetting of IPv4?

Subnetting turns one big congested network into smaller more manageable and organized networks. In addition to that, it acts as a go around for the IPv4’s shortage of IP addresses. It appears as though this little hack, so to speak, is part of what’s keeping IPv4 in play instead of the full shift to IPv6.

Thanks for reading and please correct me if I’m wrong! I won’t get snarky, I promise.

Lammle, T., Ferguson, B., Skandier, T., Lammle, T., Ferguson, B., & Skandier, T. (2012). CompTIA Network certification kit: Exam N10-005: A trio of books to help you prepare for the CompTIA Network exam. Indianapolis, IN: Sybex.

-Jess

 

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